完形填空返回定论三技巧:完形填空解题的6个技巧

   英语高考完形填空题的文章意义较为完整,语篇结构非常严谨。拟题者在设置空档时,既考虑到文章的大语境、文脉主线和上文细节,同时又注重与下文信息的联系。在近年高考完形填空中,后一种类型的试题空档占一半以上。这样能更有效地考查考生的综合语言运用能力和观察力、分析力等智能水平。因此,考生在训练完形填空解题时,必须掌握通过下文返回定论的三种技巧。本文结合2011年高考全国Ⅰ卷的剖析介绍这三种技巧。�
  一、利用词汇复现返回定论
  请看2011年高考全国Ⅰ卷完形填空原题:�
  阅读下面的短文,从短文后各题所给的四个选项 (A、B、C、D) 中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。�
   In our discussion with people on how education can help them succeed in life, a woman remembered the first meeting of an introductory �36� course about 20 years ago.�
  The professor �37� the lecture hall, placed upon his desk a large jar filled with dried beans (豆), and invited the students to �38� how many beans the jar contained. After �39� shouts of wildly wrong guesses the professor smiled a thin, dry smile, announced the �40� answer, and went on saying, “You have just �41� an important lesson about science. That is: Never �42� your own senses.”�
  Twenty years later, the �43� could guess what the professor had in mind. He �44� himself, perhaps, as inviting his students to start an exciting �45� into an unknown world invisible (无形的) to the �46�, which can be discovered only through scientific �47�. But the seventeen�year�old girl could not accept or even �48� the invitation. She was just �49� to understand the world. And she �50� that her firsthand experience could be the �51�. The professor, however, said that it was �52�. He was taking away her only �53� for knowing and was providing her with no substitute (替代). “I remember feeling small and �54�,” the woman says, “and I did the only thing I could do. I �55� the course that afternoon, and I haven�t gone near science since.”�
   �
  36. A. art
  B. history�
  C. science
  D. math�
  37. A. searched for
  B. looked at�
  C. got through
  D. marched into�
  38. A. count
  B. guess�
  C. report
  D. watch�
  39. A. warning
  B. giving�
  C. turning away
  D. listening to�
  40. A. ready
  B. possible�
  C. correct
  D. difficult�
  41. A. learned
  B. prepared�
  C. taught
  D. taken�
  42. A. lose
  B. trust�
  C. sharpen
  D. show�
  43. A. lecturer
  B. scientist�
  C. speaker
  D. woman�
  44. A. described
  B. respected�
  C. saw
  D. served�
  45. A. voyage
  B. movement�
  C. change
  D. rush�
  46. A. professor
  B. eye�
  C. knowledge
  D. light�
  47. A. model
  B. senses�
  C. spirit
  D. methods�
  48. A. hear
  B. make�
  C. present
  D. refuse�
  49. A. suggesting
  B. beginning�
  C. pretending
  D. waiting�
  50. A. believed
  B. doubted�
  C. proved
  D. explained�
  51. A. growth
  B. strength�
  C. faith
  D. truth�
  52. A. firm
  B. interesting�
  C. wrong
  D. acceptable�
  53. A. task
  B. tool�
  C. success
  D. connection�
  54. A. cruel
  B. proud�
  C. frightened
  D. brave�
  55. A. dropped
  B. started�
  C. passed
  D. missed�
  参考答案�
  36-40 CDBDC41-45 ABDCA�
  46-50 BDABA51-55 DCBAA�
  全文的大语境:在讨论活动中,一位女性谈她年轻时由于教授运用不恰当的教学方法,使她对科学失去兴趣,并且影响终身,而教授还自以为是。故事警示我们要注重教学方法,这是引导学生走向成功的关键。�
  高考完形填空有些题目选项给人的感觉似是而非,模棱两可。但文章主题突出,前后照应。当考生对其中一题的答案举棋不定时,不妨在下文中搜索,可能会发现与之相同的原词或同义词,从而确定最佳选项。例如:2011年高考全国Ⅰ卷 (下文略) 第36题,到底是什么课?文中提到“计数”,提到“教学方法”,也提到“20年前”,好象A、B、D项都有理由选用。其实不然,文章第二段倒数第二句有“an important lesson about science”的表述,有原词science。因此,应为“科学课”,选C项。再如第38题,四个选项语法功能都正确,意义也都说得通,到底是“数数”、“观看”还是“猜测”,下文复现的单词guess验证了最佳选项应是B项。再请看第43题,四种身份的人文中都涉及到,但下文倒数第二句中有the woman原词,排除A、B、C三项,选D。�
  原词的复现是文章的需要。词汇复现的语用意义是使得语篇中的句子相互衔接和连贯,从而构成一个完整和有机的意义整体。同时这也给解题技巧较好的考生带来准确的信息。�
  再请看另外两例高考试题:�
  The parents said that most of the homework was a waste of time, and they wanted to �1� it. Spain and Turkey are two countries which stopped homework already. �
  1. A. delay
  B. stop
  C. block
  D. prove�
  stop 在下文复现,选B项。 �
  How does a tooth go bad? The �2� begins in a little crack in the enamel(珐琅)covering of the tooth. This happens after germs and bits of food have collected there. Then the decay slowly spreads inside the tooth. In the end, poison goes into blood, and we may feel quite ill. �
  2. A. destruction
  B. decay�
  C. fault
  D. hurt�
  decay在下文复现,选B项。�
  二、重视关联词推测意旨
  高考完形填空中的词语之间、句子之间和段落之间紧密联系,相互牵连,有千丝万缕的依存关系。因此,文脉主线决定了使用何种关联词。反言之,关联词暗示了文章的走势和倾向。关联词往往包含转折关系、并列关系、递进关系、因果关系、时序关系等等。请看第39题,after决定了行为动作的先后,后发生的情况往往是先前行为的结果。现在的结果是“教授露出干涩无奈的苦笑”,其前因应是“听”了错误猜测,所以应选D项。其它三项的意义都不符合这种时序关系。再如第48题,or与not连用表示并列的否定,关联词暗示了下文与accept具有近似意义。此处的even又暗示了这一空档的行为比“心理接受”的层次更低一点,甚至还达不到这一更低层次的行为――“听懂理解”。所以A项正确。再看第54题,关联词and隐含了空档单词与small是同一范畴的贬义词,所以合理推断不选褒义词proud和brave。A项意义又相距甚远,C项才是最佳选项,表示教授的教学方法使小女孩失去学习兴趣,她感到渺小、悲观和害怕。再请看第55题,下文关联词and表示前后的两种行为是统一的、相似的,而且and后有递进的意味。既然下文讲以后再也不走近科学课,上文就应该是“放弃”了科学课。应选A项,drop有“放弃,辍学”之义。�
  再请看另外两例高考试题:�
  At the meeting, the people were �3� by the kindness and natural beauty of his mother �4� the scar, but the little boy was still embarrassed and hid himself from everyone.�
  3. A. impressed
  B. surprised�
  C. excited
  D. comforted�
  4. A. in sight of
  B. by means of�
  C. by way of
  D. in spite of�
  第3题通过关联词but把握上下文的转折意义。下文是负面意义“小男孩仍然尴尬,躲避其他人”。上文就应该是正面意义,不是奇怪,而是印象深刻,选A项。第4题的四个选项中只有D项含转折让步意义,心灵美和外貌的天然之美与脸上的疤痕形成强烈对比,转折关联词in spite of明确表达了“尽管她脸上有丑陋的疤痕,但美丽的心灵和天然之美的外貌受到人们的赞赏,选D项。�
  三、分析小语境锁定答案
  高考完形填空测试注重考生的综合语言运用能力。组篇设题时,在考虑文脉主线大语境的同时还在每一段,甚至每一句都设置一定的小语境。小语境指紧随在空档后,甚至在同一句中的特殊的语境场合。下文的小语境能反射出上文的最佳选项。例如第37题,下文的小语境是把坛子置于讲台上,只有走进课堂才有可能发生下文的行为动作。所以不是“搜索”、“看”和“穿过”,而是“走进”。为了描绘教授自命不凡的形象,用了marched into,D项正确。再如第44题,下文小语境是“作为吸引学生开始激动人心的,进入未知世界的航行”,锁定最佳选项应为C,see ... as ... 意为把……看作为。此处指教授自以为是,“把自己的教法看作为是一种吸引”。再请看第45题,本句后部小语境就是“进入一个肉眼看不见的未知世界”。根据下文小语境就可以排除“运动”、“改变”和“猛冲”,确定“航行、驶入”比较合理,A项正确。此句意为:或许,他把自己的教法看作引领学生开始进入不可见的未知世界的航行。再请看另外四例高考试题:�
  When he realized I had made up my mind, he said, “Richard, when I was 23, my dad �5�me to go into law. And I�ve �6� regretted it. I wanted to be a biologist, �7� I didn�t pursue my �8�. You know what you want. Go fulfill it.”�
  5. A. helped
  B. allowed�
  C. persuaded
  D. suggested�
  6. A. always
  B. never�
  C. seldom
  D. almost�
  7. A. rather
  B. but�
  C. for
  D. therefore�
  8. A. promise
  B. task�
  C. belief
  D. dream�
  第5题的下文小语境是“我懊悔”,因此空档处应表达“已做成某事”。persuade是“成功地劝说”,所以应选C项。第6题的下文小语境是“我本想成为生物学家”,合理推断为A项正确,意为“我总是懊悔学习法律”。第7题根据本句后部分“没有追求梦想”,推断句间是转折,意为“虽然我本想成为生物学家,但是没有追求梦想”,选B项。第8题的下文小语境是“你知道你想要做的事,去实现它吧”。由此推断为“我没有追求梦想”,D项正确。�
  高考完形填空属于中高档题,考生必须掌握一定的解题技巧才能推断每一个最佳选项。在平时的训练中检验并完善上述“返回定论三技巧”,定会获得较好的成效。�
  (作者:缪庭,江苏省如东高级中学)
  �
  新年寄语�
  
  健康是最佳的礼物,关心是最真挚的问候,牵挂是最无私的想念,知足是最大的财富,信心是最好的品德,祝福是最温馨的话语!祝愿各位同学在新的一年里健健康康,平平安安,快快乐乐,心想事成,学业更上一层楼!

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