修辞格 英语阅读与修辞格

  摘 要: 阅读理解是综合语言能力的体现,修辞格又是造成学生阅读理解困难的因素之一。本文通过对含有修辞格的句子和篇章的分析,对这一问题进行了阐述,提出在英语学习中应注意对英语修辞格的掌握,在阅读理解中应注意对英语修辞格的识别,提高阅读理解的准确性。
  关键词: 英语阅读 修辞格 准确性
  
  《大学英语课程教学要求》将大学阶段的英语教学要求分为三个层次,即一般要求、较高要求和更高要求。三个层次的英语能力要求包括六个方面,即听力理解能力、口语表达能力、阅读理解能力、书面表达能力、翻译能力和推荐词汇量。阅读理解能力的一般要求为:能基本读懂一般性题材的英文文章,阅读速度达到每分钟70词汇;在快速阅读篇幅较长、难度略低的材料时,阅读速度达到每分钟100词汇;能就阅读材料进行略读和寻读;能借助词典阅读本专业的英语教材和题材熟悉的英文报刊文章,掌握中心大意,理解主要事实和有关细节;能读懂工作,生活中常见的应用文体的材料;能在阅读中使用有效的阅读方法。较高要求为:能基本读懂英语国家大众性报纸杂志上一般性题材的文章,阅读速度达到每分钟70―90词汇;在快速阅读篇幅较长、难度适中的材料时,阅读速度达到每分钟120词汇;能阅读所学专业的综述性文献,并能正确理解中心大意,抓住主要事实和有关细节。更高要求为:能读懂有一定难度的文章,理解其主旨大意及细节,能阅读国外英语报纸杂志上的文章,能比较顺利地阅读所学专业的英语文献和资料。这为各个层次的大学英语阅读教学和阅读训练指明了方向。阅读理解是综合语言能力的体现,阅读能力的提高不是一朝一夕所能实现的,因为造成学生阅读理解困难的因素诸多,如生词、复杂的句子结构、文化因素,还有各种修辞格,等等。
  所谓修辞(figures of speech)是指运用各种表现方式,使语言表达得准确、鲜明而生动有力的语言技巧。英语修辞格种类很多,如比喻、对偶、排比,双关等统称为修辞格。以汉语为母语的中国学生,在英语学习中经常因为不善于识别这些修辞格而导致阅读理解上的错误。有些修辞格如明喻、隐喻等,一般较容易理解,但嘲讽、讽刺、夸张、委婉语、矛盾修辞等就难以把握,对运用这些修辞格的句子,如果只就字面意思去理解,就好比是拿着棒槌纫针,不仅会发生理解错误,有时还会闹出笑话。不妨看一看下面这些例子。
  1.We must all hang together,or we shall hang separately.(Pun)我们必须紧密地团结在一起,否则我们将被一个个地绞死。(直译:我们必须吊在一起,否则我们将被一个个地绞死。)
  2.The baby was brought up on the bottle.这个婴儿是喝牛奶或羊奶长大的。(metonymy──用奶瓶代奶)(直译:这个婴儿是靠瓶子长大的。)
  3.The pen is mighter than the sword.文人胜于武士。(metonymy──以pen,sword喻指使用该物的人)(直译:笔比剑有力。)
  4.He has a heart of stone.(metaphor)他的心像石头一样硬。(直译:他有一颗石头心。)
  5.His words made my blood freeze.(hyperbole)听了他的话,我的血都快凝固了。(直译:他的话使我的血凝固了。)
  以上例子通过使用双关、借代、隐喻、夸张等修辞方法,使语言表达得生动而有力、幽默而诙谐。在读到这些句子时,如果能识别出这些修辞手段,而且按照修辞的规律去理解,读者会获得美的享受。相反,如果只按照字面意思去理解,它们则会使人感到不知所云,令人一头雾水。同样在我们的阅读教学中也是如此,请看下面的一篇阅读文章(注意横线部分和斜体字部分)。
  Discoveries in science and technology are thought by “untaught minds” to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents.Sir Alexander Fleming did not,as legend would have it,look at the mold(酶)on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin(青霉素)there and then.He experimented with antibacterial(抗菌)substances for nine years before he made his discovery.Inventions and innovations always come out of laborious trial and error.Innovation is like soccer;even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.
  The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take the most shots at goal――and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity.The prime difference between innovators and others is one of approach.Everybody gets ideas,but innovators work consciously on theirs,and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise.What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions,professional innovators see as solid possibilities.
  “Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there’s no particular virtue in doing things that way they have always been done”,wrote Rudolph Flesch,a language authority.This accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient:“How come nobody thought of that before?”
  The creative approach begins with the proposition that nothing is as it appears.Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything.Faced with getting from A to B,the average person will automatically set out on the best-known and apparently simplest route.The innovator will search for alternate courses,which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends.
  Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer.
  本篇文章通过举例和对比,说明发明家之所以成功是因为他们具有成功的素质。(1)他们工作勤奋。即第一段斜体字部分:“Inventions and innovations always come out of laborious trial and error.”(2)他们看问题的出发点与众不同。即第三段斜体字部分:“Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there’s no particular virtue in doing things that way they have always been done.”(3)他们解决问题的方式与众不同。即第二段和第四段斜体字部分:“The prime difference between innovators and others is one of approach.”“The creative approach begins with the proposition that nothing is as it appears.”文中斜体字部分是每一段的主题句。
  但是只了解这些还是不够的,文中仍有许多句子不易理解,这是因为作者使用了一些修辞格。我们注意一下下划线的句子和短语。第一段的“untaught minds”用了提喻法,即用部分代替整体或用整体代替部分。untaught minds意思是“未受过教育的人”,而非“未受过教育的大脑”。第一段最后一句:“Innovation is like soccer;even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.”用的是类比修辞,运用A、B两个不相干事物间的相似点,以A解释B。本句话的意思是:发明和足球一样,即使最好的球员也会射偏,被挡出球门的球远远多于射进的球。
  第二段的第一句继续用这个类比:“The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take the most shots at goal.”(问题的关键是,射门次数最多的人,往往得分也最多。)
  第四段的最后一句:“even if they lead to dead ends”(即使它们会引入死胡同),是比喻。
  文章的最后一句更难理解。首先要了解短语march to是“随着……的节奏行进”的意思,那么,“march to a different drummer”意思是“踩着与众不同的鼓点前进”,这也是一个比喻,真正的意思应当是“具有超常创造力的人其行为确实与众不同”。这正是全篇文章的主题。
  综上所述,在英语学习中,学生应注意对英语修辞格的掌握,在英语阅读中除了注意生僻的词汇、令人费解的习语和成语、复杂的句子和篇章结构等因素之外,还要注意识别各种修辞格,从而提高阅读理解的准确性。
  
  参考文献:
  [1]Richards,A.The Philosophy of Rhetoric[M].New York:Oxford University of Chicago Press,1980.
  [2]教育部.大学英语课程教学要求[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2007.

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