摘 要： 本篇是一个虚拟语气的教学案例（《牛津高中英语》模块六第三单元语法），通过上节课结束时让学生翻译一个有关虚拟语气的英文句子所反映出的疑惑与不解这一案例，引起作者的重视，并根据这一情况课前进行学情和教材分析，然后认真准备了一节虚拟语气（用于条件状语从句）的语法课，以学生为主体，力争通过这节课的教授能帮助学生理解虚拟语气，解决他们的疑惑，并能在练习中灵活而正确地运用。最后通过练习就所学知识对学生进行了调查，及时反馈本节课的掌握情况。课后结合学生反馈情况进行教学反思，对于学生的薄弱环节在下一节课进行重点讲解。
关键词： 虚拟语气 教学案例 教学反思
因为下一节课我要教给学生一个新的语法现象――虚拟语气（用于条件状语从句中），所以在快下课时我请学生们翻译了两个句子：1.如果我是一只小鸟，我会在天空中自由的飞翔。2.如果我是你，现在我就会更加地努力学习。学生们翻译为：1.If I am a bird，I will fly freely in the sky.2.If I am you，I work harder now.而正确的翻译为：1.If I were a bird，I would fly freely in the sky.2.If I were you，I would work harder now.我及时纠正了他们的错误。学生们立刻表示疑惑或不解，因为这和中文有很大的差异，和以前学过的时态也有很大的不同。他们提出了一些问题：为什么条件状语从句不用一般现在时？主句为什么用过去将来时？如果从句用过去时I应和was相配，为何用were，这难道不是语法错误吗？你是用英语中的哪种句型来翻译的？学生们提出的问题引起了我的重视，带着这些疑问，我精心准备了一节虚拟语气（用于条件状语从句）的课，力争通过这节课的教授能帮助学生理解虚拟语气，解决他们的疑惑，并使其能在练习中灵活而正确地运用。
在教授虚拟语气前要考虑以下几个方面：
1.课前学情分析：教学对象为高中二年级上的学生，他们大都从没有接触过虚拟语气，对他们来说这是全新的，而且教授的是虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的运用，容易和以前学过的真实的条件状语从句混淆；会对谓语动词的几种表现形式混淆，不易掌握虚拟条件句的倒装。
2.教材分析：本课所教授的是虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的运用，有三种情况：与现在、过去、将来事实相反。重点：谓语动词的表现形式特别是were to，should+动词原形；虚拟条件句的倒装（were/should/had在条件状语从句的句首）；条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致。
下面是虚拟语气（用于条件状语从句）的课堂教学设计：
教学目标：知识性目标：虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的运用。
技能性目标：通过小组合作学习提升学生的自学能力，帮助他们养成一种良好的学习英语语法的习惯。
情感性目标：通过学习，让学生们感到合作学习的快乐，增加学习的自信心，更加乐于学习，对英语学习更有兴趣。
教学重点：虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的三种形式和虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的倒装。
教学难点：条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致。
教学过程：
Step 1：Lead-in
There are three moods in English.They are the indicative mood（陈述句），the imperative mood（祈使语气），and the subjunctive mood（虚拟语气）.
Look at the following sentences，try to indicate what kind of mood it belongs to.（学生活动：采用合作学习方法，四人一组进行讨论，选出一人来汇报）
1.There are two sides to every question.每个问题都有两个方面。
2.Were you busy all day yesterday?昨天一整天你都很忙吗？
3.How good a teacher she is!她是多好的一位老师啊！
The above sentences belong to the statement mood.
4.Never be late again!再也不要迟到了。
5.Don’t forget to turn off the light.别忘了关灯。
The above sentences belong to the imperative mood.
7.If I were a bird，I could fly freely in the air.如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中自由地飞翔。
8.If I were at school again，I would study harder.如果我现在在校的话，我会好好学习的。
9.If I were you，I should seize the chance to go abroad.如果我是你，我会抓住出国的机会。
The above sentences belong to the subjunctive mood.
语气（mood）是动词的一种形式，表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。
（此处的目的是让学生初步感知英语中的三种语气，在昨天的课上也提到了虚拟语气，因此此时学生不难判断7―9句的语气。）
Step 2：Introduce the kinds of mood
语气的种类：
（1）陈述语气（the indicative mood）：表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。
（2）祈使语气（the imperative mood）：表示说话人对对方的请求或命令。
（3）虚拟语气（The subjunctive mood）：表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。
（通过这一环节让学生进一步掌握三种语气的概念，从而为下面学习虚拟语气打下基础。）
Step 3：The subjunctive mood――unreal conditionals
虚拟条件句就是对现实条件的一种虚拟假设，所假设的条件一般不符合事实或与事实相反或在现实中发生的可能性极小。根据时间的不同，虚拟条件句可分为三种，即与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句、与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句及与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句。
The structure of the unreal conditionals
1.表示与现在事实相反
If I had enough money now，I would lend it to you.
If I were you，I would go to tell him the real feeling upon him.
2.表示与过去事实相反
If he had taken your advice，he wouldn’t have made such a bad mistake.
She would have come to enjoy the party if she hadn’t been very busy.
本文为全文原貌 未安装PDF浏览器用户请先下载安装 原版全文 3.表示与将来事实相反
If you came tomorrow，we would have the meeting.
If it were to rain tomorrow，the sports meeting would be put off.
If he should not come tomorrow，we should put off the meeting till next Monday.
注意：（1）在与将来事实相反的条件从句中，我们可以用过去式、were to或should+do来表示。
（2）当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作相应调整。如：
If they had worked hard，they would be very tired.（从句说的是过去，主句指的是现在）
If you had followed my advice，you would be better now.（从句说的是过去，主句指的是现在）
（3）在虚拟语气的从句中，动词“be”的过去时态一律用“were”，不用was，即在从句中be用were代替。
如：If he were here，everything would be all right.
Were I to do the work，I should do it some other day.
Practice：
一、单选：
1.I didn’t see your sister at the meeting.If she ?摇?摇?摇，she would have met my brother.（D）
A.has come?摇 B.did come?摇 C.came?摇 D.had come
2.If he ?摇?摇?摇 quietly as the doctor instructed，he would not suffer so much now.（C）
A.lies?摇 B.lay?摇 C.had lain?摇 D.should lie
3.You didn’t let me drive.If we ?摇?摇 in turn，you ?摇?摇 so tired.（D）
A.drove；didn’t get?摇
B.drove；wouldn’t get
C.were driving；wouldn’t get?摇
D.had driven；wouldn’t have driven
4.If he ?摇?摇?摇，he ?摇?摇?摇 that food.Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.（B）
A.was warned；would not take?摇
B.had been warned；would not have taken
C.would be warned；had not taken?摇
D.would have been warned；had not take
5.If you ?摇?摇?摇 my advice，you would not have failed the exam.（C）
A.take?摇 B.took?摇 C.had taken?摇 D.will take
二、改错
1.If I were a bird，I will fly to Taiwan to have a look.（would）
2.If you listened to the teacher carefully yesterday，you would know how to answer the questions now.（had listened）
3.If you had studied before，you are a college student now.（would be）
（通过表格和这两个练习，让学生熟练虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的运用，加深对其的映像。在教的过程中尤其要强调与将来事实相反的虚拟语气的三种写法，以及虚拟语气的错综时间条件句，学生在练习的过程中会忘记主句和从句表达了两个不同的时间。）
Step 3：The inversion of the unreal conditionals（虚拟条件句的省略）
在虚拟条件句中，为了强调所假设条件的虚拟性，或突出说话人的一种主观愿望，虚拟条件句可用省略结构。虚拟条件句的倒装是通过去掉if，把条件从句谓语中的助动词、情态动词或系动词（had，were，should）放在句首实现的。例如：
Had I been in that situation，I would not have let the thief escape away with so much money.=If I had been in that situation，I would not have let the thief escape away with so much money.
Should there be a drought，what should we do at that time?=If there should be a drought，what should we do at that time?
Were I at school again，I would study harder.=If I were at school again，I would work harder.
Practice：
1.?摇?摇?摇 to do the work，I should do it some other day.（C）
A.If were I?摇 B.I were?摇 C.Were I?摇 D.Was I?摇?摇
2.?摇?摇?摇 tired，your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.（B）
A.Would you be?摇B.Should you be?摇
C.Could you be?摇 D.Might you be?摇?摇
3.?摇?摇?摇?摇 I known it，I should have told him.（B）
A.Have?摇 B.Had?摇 C.If?摇 D.Having?摇?摇
（此练习是对上面学的知识的巩固）
Pay attention to：在省略if的条件句中，否定形式的谓语动词不能用动词的缩略形式。
（F）Weren’t it for the expense，I would go abroad.
（T）Were it not for the expense，I would go abroad.
Step 4：Conclusion：
After learning，make students conclude what they have learned in class so as to master these rules easily.
本文为全文原貌 未安装PDF浏览器用户请先下载安装 原版全文 （先请学生对本课所学的知识点进行小结，并谈谈学习本课的体会。让学生作课堂小结，突出以学生为本，学生主动学习的重要性；然后老师作综合陈述，在陈述过程中给予学生充分肯定，给学生增添学习英语的信心。）
Step 5：Feedback practice（此项为反馈练习，旨在通过练习发现学生的薄弱环节，在下节课的教学中加以巩固）
1.?摇?摇 today，he would get there by Friday.
A.Would he leave?摇B.Was he leaving?摇
C.Were he to leave?摇 D.If he leave
2.?摇?摇?摇 I be free tomorrow，I could go with you.
A.Could?摇 B.Should?摇 C.Might?摇 D.Must
3.?摇?摇?摇 to do the work，I should do it some other way.
A.If were I?摇 B.I were?摇 C.Were I?摇 D.Was I
4.?摇?摇?摇 your letter，I would have written back two days ago.
A.If I received?摇 B.Should I receive?摇
C.Had I received?摇D.If I could have received
5.?摇?摇?摇，he would have passed the exam.
A.If he were to study?摇B.If he studied hard?摇
C.Had he studied hard?摇D.Should he study hard
6.Should it rain，the crops ?摇?摇?摇.
A.would be saved?摇B.would have been saved?摇
C.will be saved?摇 D.had been saved
7.If you ?摇?摇?摇 at school，you ?摇?摇?摇 a college student now.
A.had studied hard；would have been
B.should have studied hard；should have been
C.had studied hard；would be
D.would study hard；must have been
8.Sir，if――if I ?摇?摇 your advice to practise more，I ?摇?摇 so sorry now.
A.followed；won’t feel?摇 B.had followed；won’t feel
C.followed；wouldn’t feel?摇 D.had followed；wouldn’t feel
9.If he ?摇?摇?摇?摇 to the teacher attentively，he ?摇?摇?摇 the answer to the problem now.
A.had listened，would have known?摇 B.listened，would know
C.listened，would have known?摇D.had listened，would know
10.If it ?摇?摇?摇 another ten minutes，the game would have been called off.
A.had rained?摇 B.would had rained?摇 C.have seen?摇D.did see
教后反思：
本课采用多媒体教学，通过学生小组活动判断句子的语气引出所讲内容，引起学生对即将学习虚拟语气的兴趣，减少陌生感。在教学过程中让学生充分参与，激发学生的学习积极性，接着让学生根据本课所学的知识进行总结，往往自己总结出的东西在脑海中能留下最深刻的印象。练习的设计由易到难，能够满足不同层次学生的需求，使他们得到不同层度的锻炼，加深了学生对所学内容的印象。练习反馈情况良好，学生反映通过这样系统的整理、练习，原来模糊的概念渐渐清晰多了，并且能较好地运用。
本课的薄弱环节是学生对虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的倒装（were，should，had在句首，条件状语从句省去if）以及条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致掌握得不好。造成这种现象的原因是汉语是一种缺乏形态变化的语言，动词没有任何语态和时态的变化，中国学生在学习英语的过程中会受英汉两种语言之间的这种差别的影响而不可避免地产生一些偏误，因此在下节课的教学中要把以上易错的知识点作为重点进行讲授，帮助学生巩固所学知识，养成用英语思维的习惯。
参考文献：
［１］中学生英语语法教程.凤凰出版传媒集团.
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