兴奋剂案件的仲裁规则及其发展


  摘 要:国际体育仲裁院(CAS)在里约奥运会上首次设置了专门解决奥运会兴奋剂案件的反兴奋剂部门(Anti-Doping Division,ADD),并将其定位为一审仲裁机构。作为相互独立的仲裁部门,ADD与AHD(临时仲裁庭)在仲裁庭的组成、仲裁员名单的确定、仲裁庭的广泛自由裁量权、程序参与人之间的沟通方式、官方语言、裁决期限等方面有着相似的规定。但ADD作为一审仲裁机构的定位使得两者的差异主要体现在有无“穷尽内部救济”的限制,能否直接将案件移送至CAS总部裁决,临时措施的方式,裁决的最终效力等方面。从异同中依然可以看出CAS仲裁体系遵循一般法律原则的适用,如程序正义原则的认可;同时也坚持对具有体育专业特色的新原则的创设,如绝对严格责任原则的适用等。因此,法律基本原则和体育专业规则的交错适用和创设是包括体育仲裁规则在内的全球体育法的主要构建模式。
  关 键 词:体育法;国际体育仲裁院;反兴奋剂部门;临时仲裁庭;仲裁规则;里约奥运会
  中图分类号:G80-05 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1006-7116(2018)01-0074-08
  Abstract: For the first time in the Rio Olympic Games, CAS set up a special department called ADD (Anti-Doping Division) to specialize in solving Olympic doping cases, and orientated it as an arbitration institution of first instance. As mutually independent departments, ADD and AHD (Ad Hoc Division) have similar stipulations in terms of arbitration court composition, arbitrator panel determination, arbitration court discretionary discretion, way of communication between procedure participants, official language and ruling period etc. However, the orientation of ADD as an arbitration institution of first instance makes the differences between the two divisions mainly embody in the followings: if there is an “internal relief exhaustion” limitation; if the cases can be sent directly to the CAS headquarters for ruling, way of ad hoc measures, final effect of ruling, etc. From the differences and similarities, it can still be seen that the CAS arbitration system follows the application of general legal principles, such as the recognition of the procedure justice principle, and in the mean time, adheres to the establishment of new principles with sports specialty features, such as the application of the strict liability principle, etc. Therefore, the cross application and establishment of basic legal principles and sports specialty rules is the main mode of establishment of sports arbitration rules included global sports law.
  Key words: sports law;Court of Arbitration for Sports;Anti-Doping Division;Ad Hoc Division;arbitration rule;Rio Olympic Games
  當前,体育比赛成绩除关系运动员个人及其所代表国家、集体、团队的荣誉外,还关涉巨大的经济利益,体育行业在整个世界贸易额中约占3%~6%,体育纠纷已成为法律纠纷的重要议题[1]。各类体育纠纷解决机构也应运而生,包括国际体育仲裁院(Court of Arbitration for Sports,CAS)在内的体育仲裁机构的从无到有,可谓是体育运动全球化语境下最有意义的发展。CAS作为体育仲裁领域最主要的权威机构,有着比较规范的仲裁体系。CAS针对不同案件性质采取专业分工,区分一般仲裁程序、上诉程序、专案仲裁。上诉仲裁部门主要受理对国家体育仲裁机构、国际单项体育联合会(International Federations,IFS)等做出的决定不服而提出上诉的案件;临时仲裁庭是CAS最有特色的专案仲裁部门,通过向大型国际赛事派驻临时仲裁庭解决比赛期间发生的体育纠纷。CAS自1996年亚特兰大奥运会开始,在奥运会设置临时仲裁庭(Ad Hoc Division,AHD),审理在奥运会期间发生的、与奥运会相关的各种争议。

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