摘要：中国高速铁路的蓬勃发展对民用航空运输企业造成的巨大冲击日益加剧，民航企业应从产业竞争的角度对比进行分析，以探究应对之策。从客户角度出发，高速铁路和民用航空的主要选择因子包括货币价格、时间价值、主观效用、客观安全、准点效率五类指标。高速铁路和民用航空的竞争过程包括价格竞争、服务竞争、成本竞争、战略竞争四个由低到高的层级。国内外典型个案的比较分析表明高速铁路带来的影响不尽是负面的，也有着相应的外部福利共享，更是为民航企业战略重塑、结构调整、乃至发展方式转变提供了新的契机。对于政府的公共决策而言，合理布局各类运输方式、统筹兼顾高速铁路和民用航空、引导“空铁联运”等行业合作模式将是实现交通事业科学发展的重要环节。对于民航企业的微观决策而言，在短期，一是采取必要和有限的机票折扣策略，二是严格控制运营成本；在中期，应重点解决以航班延误为代表的服务流程再造问题；在长期，则要调整市场目标结构以重塑企业竞争战略，重点拓展国际航线。
关键词：高速铁路；民用航空；产业间关系；竞争战略
The Development of High-speed Railway in China and Its Impacts on The Industry of Civil Aviation Transportation
Tan XiangdongHNA Group Co., Ltd.
[Abstracts]: China"s booming high-speed railway transportation is causing great shock to civil aviation industry, the specific impacts of which should be explored from the perspective of the inter-industry relationships.The main selective factors between the high-speed railway and the civil aviation include the following five indicators, e.g., the price of monetary; the time value, the subjective utility, the objective safety, as well as the punctual efficiency. While the competitive processes between the high-speed railway and the civil aviation including from low to high the price competition, service competition, cost competition, and the highest strategic competition. Via the comparisons of the typical cases both foreign and domestic, the results shows that not only did the development of the high-speed rail bring negative impacts to civil aviation industry, but it also realized the external welfare sharing, and even created opportunities for the civil aviation industry of strategy reshape, corporate restructure, as well as the transformation of development model.In the terms of the government"s public policy, the rational distribution of various transportation channels, the integrated development of high-speed railway and civil aviation would be a crucial point of the realization of the scientific development of transportation industries. While in terms of the decision-making of individual companies, it would be a long way to view the development of civil aviation industry and its competition with high-speed railways. Specific speaking, in the short term, two factors should be taken into consideration: one is the necessary and limited ticket discounts strategy, the other is the strict control of operating costs; in the medium term, the focus should be laid on the resolving of flight delays, as well as the reengineering of the service process; in the long term, it is suggested to make appropriate adjustment of the structure of target market in order to reshape the competitive strategy.
[Key Words]:high-speed railway; civil aviation; inter-industry relationships; competitive strategy
一、引言
“十一五”以来，伴随着应对国际金融危机冲击的“四万亿”投资，全国范围内“四纵四横”的高速铁路客运专线建设进一步提速。诸如北京、上海、沈阳、郑州、武汉、长沙、重庆、广州等几个大的节点，既是社会经济相对发达的城市，又是民用航空运输消费的主要市场。连接上述节点的高速铁路的快速发展对民用航空运输业构成了巨大的冲击，如何积极应对高速铁路带来的严峻挑战、并在此基础上调整市场目标进而转变发展方式、从而在竞争环境中谋求长期生存发展，将是包括海南航空在内的所有国内航空公司必须直面的课题。
因此，本研究对象在于解释中国高速铁路的发展对民用航空运输业的影响，中心任务在于阐明铁路与民航的产业间关系，最终给出民用航空企业应对高速铁路冲击的具体可操作的对策建议。