我国医疗卫生机构药品不良反应上报指标研究


  中图分类号 R-012 文献标志码 A 文章编号 1001-0408(2018)06-0721-05
  DOI 10.6039/j.issn.1001-0408.2018.06.01
  摘 要 目的:为评价我国医疗卫生机构药品不良反应(ADR)上报指标提供参考。方法:8名药学专家以焦点组访谈法初拟我国医疗卫生机构ADR上报指标,后采用系统评价法对初拟的ADR上报指标进行循证分析,再采用德尔菲法调查确定ADR上报指标的上报要求、计算公式、含义、意义及参考值,并评价结果的可信度。结果:初拟指标包括ADR上报率、ADR报告合格率和严重的、新的ADR构成比。系统评价共纳入30篇文献(管理规范文件15篇、文献研究15篇),均提出ADR上报的必要性及上报要求,但均未提及ADR上报指标的计算公式、含义及意义。德尔菲法调查确定,ADR上报率参考值范围为≥0.01%,ADR报告合格率参考值范围为≥90%,严重的、新的ADR构成比参考值范围为≥1%;总体评价结果可信。结论:ADR上报指标及其参考下限值的确定可督促医疗卫生机构积极上报ADR,提高上报质量,并加强医疗卫生机构对严重的、新的ADR的重视。
  关键词 药品不良反应;上报指标;焦点组访谈法;系统评价法;德尔菲法
  ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the indicators of ADR reporting by medical institutions in China. METHODS: The indicators of ADR reporting by medical institutions in China were presented primarily by 8 pharmacy experts with focus group interview method. System assessment method was used for evidence-based analysis of primary ADR indicators. Delphi method was used to confirm the requirement, calculation formula, definition, evaluation meaning and reference value of ADR indicators. The reliability was assessed. RESULTS: Primary indicators included the rate of ADR reporting, the rate of qualified ADR, constituent ratio of severe and new ADR. A total of 30 literatures were included (15 documents of management standard, 15 literature research) in system evaluation, all of which indicated the necessity and requirement of ADR reporting. But the calculation formula, definition and evaluation meaning of ADR indicators were not mentioned. By investigation with Delphi method, the range of reference value was confirmed as follows that the rate of ADR reporting was≥0.01%; the rate of qualified ADR was≥90%; the constituent ratio of severe and new ADR was≥1%. The evaluation result was reliable. CONCLUSIONS: The indicators of ADR reporting and reference lower limit value can urge medical and health institutions to report ADR actively, improve the quality of ADR reporting and strengthen the attention of medical and health institutions to severe and new ADR.
  KEYWORDS ADR;Reporting indicator;Focus group interview;System evaluation;Delphi method
  藥品不良反应(Adverse drug reaction,ADR)是指使用正常剂量的药物进行治疗时出现的非预期的有害反应。20世纪60年代,全世界范围内发生的“反应停”药害事件,提示了开展ADR报告和监测工作的必要性和重要性。我国的ADR报告监测工作起源于1983年,经过几十年的完善和努力现已取得显著进步,并形成了由1个国家中心、34个省级中心、300余个地市级中心构成的监测技术体系,目前基层注册用户近20万个[1]。但ADR监测工作仍存在一些问题,如ADR的报告重数量轻质量,报告来源重医疗卫生机构轻其他单位,法律法规体系不完善等[2-3]。医疗卫生机构作为我国报告来源的主体,其在ADR报告监测工作中存在不报、瞒报、漏报现象,报告质量不高,医务人员对ADR的认知度不高及上报积极性不强等问题,因此亟需提出有效措施解决上述问题[4-5]。因此,建立医疗卫生机构ADR上报指标,可为医疗卫生机构的ADR报告提出要求和标准,亦为评价医疗卫生机构ADR工作提供依据,从而有助于解决ADR报告中存在的问题。为此,笔者通过文献调研和专家访谈、咨询等方法对医疗卫生机构ADR上报指标进行研究,以建立较为统一、普遍适用的ADR报告上报指标,现报道如下。

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