秸秆还田对中国主要粮食作物病害影响的Meta分析

章力干,石心怡,王玉宝,杨欣润,2,余 舫,江 彤,常婷婷,马 超

秸秆还田对中国主要粮食作物病害影响的Meta分析

章力干1,石心怡1,王玉宝1,杨欣润1,2,余 舫1,江 彤3,常婷婷4,马 超1※

(1. 农田生态保育与污染防控安徽省重点实验室,安徽省绿色磷肥智能制造与高效利用工程研究中心,自然资源部江淮耕地资源保护与生态修复重点实验室,安徽农业大学资源与环境学院,合肥 230036;
2.南京农业大学资源与环境科学学院,南京 210095;
3.安徽农业大学植物保护学院,合肥 230036;
4.河海大学农业科学与工程学院,南京 210095)

秸秆还田作为一项重要的生态农业措施,对于农作物病害的影响一直备受关注却尚未形成完全一致的观点。为明确秸秆还田对中国主要粮食作物病害的影响及其在不同病害类型、环境条件和农业管理方式下的具体表现,该研究采用Meta方法,系统分析了公开发表的中国范围内秸秆还田对作物病害影响相关研究。结果表明:秸秆还田会显著增加中国主要粮食作物病害发病率和病情指数,增幅分别达9.5%和12.2%(<0.05)。病害类型、环境条件和农业管理措施会显著改变秸秆还田对作物病害发生的影响。具体地,病毒病害和土传病害对秸秆还田的响应较为敏感;
亚热带季风气候下还田病害显著减轻,温带季风气候下显著加重,水田下还田病害较轻,旱地,尤其是冬小麦与春玉米轮作下还田病害加重显著,微酸性土壤中还田病害轻于微碱性土壤,此外,土壤有机质含量大于15 g/kg、土壤小于7 000 kg/hm2、初始碳氮比大于15时还田均会导致病害的加重。线性回归分析显示,秸秆还田病害发生与年平均降雨量、有机质含量呈显著负相关,与初始碳氮比和土壤pH值呈正相关。综上,通过增加初始氮肥用量、改善土壤墒情以及在微酸性土壤上的应用,可最大限度地减少秸秆还田下中国主要粮食作物的病害发生。研究可为中国主要粮食作物病害的绿色防控以及秸秆资源高效利用提供理论依据。

作物;
秸秆;
病害;
主要粮食作物;
发病率;
病情指数;
Meta分析

中国秸秆每年生产量超过10亿t,其中三大主要粮食作物秸秆产量接近8亿t[1]。秸秆富含N、P、K等多种营养元素及有机质等,秸秆还田具有提高土壤肥力、改良土壤结构和提高作物产量等作用[2-3]。然而,随着秸秆还田的不断推广,越来越多的证据显示秸秆还田可能会增加农作物的病害,且在粮食作物上表现的尤为明显[4]。而小麦、玉米和水稻作为中国主要粮食作物,明确秸秆还田对其病虫害发生的影响具有重要意义。为此,前人开展了大量田间试验[5-6],但由于独立的田间试验结果会受到其特定的试验条件的影响,导致相关研究的结论表现出较大的变异性。有学者指出秸秆还田能够抑制病原菌生长和病害的发生,但也有研究表明秸秆还田后作物病害明显加重[7-8],以小麦为例,乔玉强等[7]研究表明,秸秆还田提高了小麦赤霉病病穗率和病情指数,并且随施氮量的增加,赤霉病病穗率和病情指数均呈递增势;
而Rodgers-Gray等[8]的研究指出秸秆还田减少了冬小麦赤霉病、白粉病等病害的发生。上述分歧产生的原因可能与其环境条件和农业管理措施有关[9-12]。目前,秸秆施用对作物病虫害发生的综合效应及影响因素并不清楚。例如,秸秆还田对作物病虫害的影响是否因气候条件和土壤性质不同而异,当季作物种类、秸秆类型和还田量是否会影响秸秆还田的作用效果。此外,前述问题难以通过传统的单一小区试验研究解决。前人研究表明,Meta分析研究可以对现有试验数据进行综合的定量化分析,系统分析某种措施的综合效应及其影响因素,能够有效解决单组试验不能解决的问题。

综上,本研究拟采用Meta分析方法,对全国范围的主要粮食作物秸秆还田独立试验结果进行综合分析,定量研究秸秆还田对中国主要粮食作物病害的影响及其在不同环境条件和农业管理措施下的差异,以探明秸秆还田对中国主要粮食作物病虫害的综合效应及影响因素。

1.1 数据收集与分类

以“秸秆还田或残茬保留或秸秆掺入(straw return or residue retention or straw incorporation)、病害(diseases)、水稻(rice)、小麦(wheat)、玉米(maize)”为关键词,在中国知网、Web of Science进行文献检索,收集2021年12月之前公开发表的期刊论文。通过以下标准来进行文献筛选:1)试验区域为中国且在田间进行试验;
2)同一试验需包含配对的处理组和对照组,处理组为秸秆还田,对照组为秸秆不还田,且处理组和对照组除秸秆还田与否之外,其他试验条件严格一致;
3)收集数据包含发病率、病情指数及其他相关信息;
4)种植作物种类为水稻、小麦和玉米三大粮食作物。基于以上标准,共筛选出符合要求的数据369组,涉及河北、安徽、江苏等粮食生产大省,覆盖了中国东北、华北、西北和东南4个区域,本文收集的数据主要源于以下文献(表1)。

表1 Meta分析所用的研究

本文根据获取数据情况及前人研究经验综合考虑,选取病害类型(气传病害、种传病害、病毒病害、土传病害)、气候类型(亚热带季风气候、温带季风气候和温带大陆性气候)、土壤pH值(<6.5、6.5~7.5、>7.5)、土壤有机质(Soil Organic Matter,SOM)(≤15 g/kg、>15 g/kg)[23]作为环境因素,还田条件(旱地和水田)、作物类型(水稻、小麦、玉米)、秸秆类型(水稻、小麦、玉米)[24]、秸秆还田量(<4 000 kg/hm2、4 000~7 000 kg/hm2、>7 000 kg/hm2)和还田初始C/N(<15、15~25、>25)作为农业管理措施,以阐明秸秆还田对粮食作物病害的影响。其中气传病害主要包括小麦锈病、水稻稻瘟病、玉米大小斑病等;
种传病害主要包括小麦赤霉病、水稻恶苗病等;
病毒病害主要包括水稻条纹叶枯病、小麦黄矮病等;
土传病害主要包括玉米纹枯病、小麦纹枯病等。还田初始C/N的计算式如下[25]:

式中为秸秆施用量,g/hm2;
Cs为秸秆碳含量,g/kg;
Ns为秸秆氮含量,g/kg,Nf为基础氮肥使用量,g/hm2。

1.2 整合分析

以对照组(秸秆不还田)粮食作物的发病率或病情指数与处理组(秸秆还田)粮食作物的发病率或病情指数的比值为响应比。采用式(2)计算效应值[26]。

ln=ln(X/X)(2)

式中为响应比,ln为效应值,XX代表秸秆还田处理和秸秆不还田处理下水稻、小麦或玉米的发病率或病情指数。

Meta分析得到效应值,用式(3)计算作物病害效应的变化百分数:

lnRR=(elnR−1)×100% (3)

式中lnRR为处理组相对于对照组病害增加或减少的变化。

发表偏倚检验使用R语言中的“metafor”软件包[27-28]进行分析,采用Egger test法或罗森塔尔失安全系数法进行评判[29-31]。

1.3 统计分析

总体效应大小用随机效应模型的加权重采样方法计算[32]。如果95%的置信区间不与0重合,则效果显著为正或负[33];
如果某一因素不同分组95%的置信区间不重叠,则分组之间的作用差异显著。采用线性回归分析效应值与各个可量化的影响因子(如年平均降水量、年平均温度、土壤pH值等)。Meta分析采用METAWIN 2.1软件进行,线性回归分析和图表均使用Origin 9.0进行。

2.1 秸秆还田对主要粮食作物病害的总体影响

本研究共筛选后得到369组数据,经罗森塔尔失安全系数分析,发病率和病情指数数据的检验结果分别为失效安全数分别为1 820 206和8 883,其统计学意义为至少需要1 820 206和8 883组具有发表偏倚性的研究数据才能改变本研究的结论,可知数据不存在偏倚[29-30]。整合分析结果显示,与秸秆不还田相比,秸秆还田总体上会显著增加主要粮食作物的发病率和病情指数,增幅分别为9.5%和12.2%(<0.05)(图1)。

2.2 秸秆还田对中国主要粮食作物不同类型病害的影响

与秸秆不还田相比,秸秆还田会显著增加主要粮食作物病毒病害和土传病害的发病率和病情指数(<0.05);
秸秆还田虽对气传病害和种传病害的发病率的增加未达显著水平(>0.05),但还田后会显著增加二者的病情指数,其中种传病害显著增加75.7%(<0.05)(图2)。

注:括号内的数值代表样本数,点和误差线分别代表效应值及其95%的置信区间,如果95%的置信区间没有跨越零线表示处理与对照存在显著差异;
下同。

2.3 不同环境条件下秸秆还田对主要粮食作物病害的影响

在亚热带季风气候地区,秸秆还田会显著降低中国主要粮食作物病害的发病率和病情指数,分别降低了24.9%和16.6%(<0.05);
而在温带季风性气候地区,秸秆还田则会显著增加中国主要粮食作物病害的发病率和病情指数,分别增加了26.2%和21.7%(<0.05)(图3)。对比土壤状况发现,酸性土壤下秸秆还田,作物病害发病率显著降低了41.6%(<0.05);
在碱性土壤条件下还田,作物病害的发病率和病情指数显著增加,分别达26.2%和18.4%(<0.05);
中性土壤条件下秸秆还田,作物病害的病情指数显著增加14.6%(<0.05)(图3)。而从SOM含量上看,SOM >15 g/kg下秸秆还田会显著增加中国主要粮食作物病害的发病率和病情指数,分别增加了26.2%和9.2%,≤15 g/kg的条件下秸秆还田显著增加作物病害的病情指数27.1%(<0.05)(图3)。

图2 秸秆还田对主要粮食作物不同病害类型发病率和病情指数的影响

注:STM:亚热带季风气候;
NTM:温带季风气候;
NTC:温带大陆气候。SOM为土壤有机质。下同。

2.4 不同农业管理措施下秸秆还田对中国主要粮食作物病害的影响

旱地进行秸秆还田会显著增加中国主要粮食作物病害的发病率(13.8%,<0.05)和病情指数(16.3%,<0.05),但在水田条件下作物病害发病率却显著降低了24.9%(<0.05)(图4)。在作物为玉米和水稻时,秸秆还田对病害发病率和病情指数的影响不显著,而当作物为小麦时病害发病率和病情指数显著增加,分别增加了8.6%和15.6%(<0.05)(图4)。玉米秸秆还田将作物病害的发病率和病情指数分别显著增加16.2%和18.0%,而水稻秸秆还田却使得作物病害发病率显著降低了43.7%(<0.05)(图4)。秸秆还田量>7 000 kg/hm2时,作物病害的发病率和病情指数分别显著了16.5%和14.3%(<0.05);
初始C/N为15~25时也会显著增加病害发病率(26.2%,<0.05)和病情指数(18.9%,<0.05),但是当C/N>25时,秸秆还田仅会显著增加病害病情指数(图4)。

图4 不同农艺措施下秸秆还田对主要粮食作物发病率和病情指数的影响

2.5 秸秆还田对中国主要粮食作物病害影响与环境和管理因子关联性分析

通过线性回归分析了6个环境变量(年平均降雨量、年平均温度、pH值、SOM、秸秆还田量和还田初始C/N)对秸秆还田效应值的影响(图5)。结果显示,中国主要粮食作物病害发病率对秸秆还田的响应与年平均降雨量呈显著负相关(<0.05),而与土壤pH值呈极显著正相关(<0.01);
中国主要粮食作物的病害病情指数对秸秆还田的响应与年平均降雨量(<0.01)和土壤有机质含量(<0.05)分别呈极显著和显著负相关,而与初始C/N却呈显著正相关(<0.05)。

注:lnR1为发病率效应值,lnR2为病情指数效应值。

3.1 秸秆还田对主要粮食作物病害的总体影响

研究结果表明,秸秆还田与秸秆不还田相比会显著增加中国主要粮食作物病害的发病率和病情指数,尤其对土传病害和病毒病害(图1和图2)。这或归因于还田秸秆中本身存在一些病原菌,秸秆还田后会将其自身携带的病菌带入土壤,并为病菌提供了生存场所,导致病菌数量不断累积,增加初侵染源数量导致病害的加重发生[34]。至于种传病害也会因秸秆还田而有所增加(图2),主要原因可能是因为秸秆中存在有病残体植株,如果未经过处理就直接混入土壤中,可导致土壤中病原菌数量大量增加,极易导致种传病害的发生[35]。此外,秸秆混入土壤后还可通过增加耕层土壤的温度和湿度[9]以及释放多种营养元素等为病原菌提供较为充足的营养和生长条件[21],从而促进病原菌的存活,导致水稻、小麦和玉米等作物病害发生程度显著加重。

3.2 不同环境条件和下秸秆还田对主要粮食作物病害的影响

亚热带季风气候区进行秸秆还田能显著降低中国主要粮食作物病害(图3)。这可能归因于亚热带季风气候的高温高湿条件超出了病原菌生长最适范围,不利于病害的发生[36],降雨量较大时秸秆更易被发酵腐解,病原菌丧失优良的存活场所,导致病原菌数量显著下降[37],且降水强度过大,尤其是降大暴雨或连续降雨,对于部分病菌如小麦白粉病等是不利的,因为这会使得病株上的菌丝变褐、表面黏结、减少和延长分生孢子的产生和传播[38]。线性回归分析也表明,秸秆还田后粮食作物的发病率和病情指数均随年平均降水量的增加而下降(图5a和5g)。研究发现温带大陆性气候也属于不适宜病菌生存的环境,而温带季风性气候属于较为适宜的气候条件,原因可能是其降雨和温度条件有利于大多数病菌的繁殖和扩散,其田间条件下更加适宜病原菌的生存,因此还田后显著增加作物病害的发病率和病情指数[39]。中性和碱性土壤条件下秸秆还田会显著增加中国主要粮食作物病害,而在酸性土壤条件下作物病害显著降低(图3)。这可能是由于酸性条件不利于病原菌的生存,研究表明,秸秆腐解产生的酸性物质能抑制病原菌生长,且浓度越高抑制作用越强[40-41]。然而,无论SOM含量小或大,秸秆还田均会显著增加农作物病害的病情指数,且较高的有机质含量导致病害更为严重(图3和图5)。这或是由于土壤有机质通过提供营养的方式促进了病原菌的增殖,导致作物病害加重发生[4]。

3.3 不同农艺管理措施下秸秆还田对主要粮食作物病害的影响

旱地秸秆还田会显著增加中国主要粮食作物病害的发病率和病情指数,而水田秸秆还田后作物的发病率却会显著降低(图4)。这可能是秸秆混入旱地后易导致表层土壤的湿度和温度升高,有利于病原菌的生长和繁殖[42-43];
而水田条件下土壤病原菌则会因其厌氧环境和秸秆厌氧发酵而受到抑制[44-46]。玉米秸秆还田可显著增加作物病害的发病率和病情指数,这或是由于玉米本身品种和病害种类多样,以及玉米秸秆还田极大地增加了多种病原菌在土壤中的数量,导致这些土传病害逐年加重[47-48]。此外,水稻、玉米和小麦病原菌寄生转化性的差异也是其发病率发生变化的原因[49-50]。当作物类型为小麦时病害会显著增加,这可归因于小麦根系分泌物对病原菌的繁殖或孢子萌发均有明显促进作用[51-52]。秸秆还田量>7 000 kg/hm2时会显著增加作物病害的发病率和病情指数,而<7 000 kg/hm2时对作物病害的发生影响不显著。这可能是秸秆可为病原菌的繁殖提供基质和营养[42],还田秸秆量大时会将更多的病原菌带入土壤,增加病害的发生可能性[21]。初始C/N范为15~25时显著增加发病率和病情指数,而>25时显著增加病情指数,这可能是因为氮肥施用不足导致微生物与作物竞氮,导致作物苗期生长弱、易染病。线性回归显示,作物病害与初始C/N比呈显著正相关,也证实了上述推论[53-54]。

本研究是应用Meta分析对秸秆还田条件下主要粮食作物病害及其影响因素进行了初步定量的分析,这有助于揭示秸秆还田对主要粮食作物病害影响机制。但病害发生受多种因素的影响,这些因素之间可能存在一定的交互作用,对病害影响机制还需要进一步的研究。

对发表文献进行Meta分析,研究结果表明:

1)整体而言,与不还田相比,秸秆还田增加了中国主要粮食作物病害,可使发病率增加9.5%,病情指数增加12.2%。

2)在不同环境条件和农业措施下,秸秆还田对病害发生的影响表现出明显差异。其中,亚热带季风气候下秸秆还田引起的病害会减轻,而温带季风气候下病害加重;
土壤偏酸性时秸秆还田导致的病害会减少,而土壤偏碱性时病害会增加;
水田条件下还田秸秆带来的病害会降低,而在旱地,特别是麦玉轮作制度下秸秆还田后作物的病害会增加。

3)秸秆还田下作物病害会随着土壤有机质、秸秆还田量、初始C/N的增加而增加。

综上,在中国年平均降雨量和年平均温度较高的区域,水田和偏酸性土壤条件下进行秸秆还田不会导致严重的病害发生,并且秸秆还田时提高初始氮肥用量和改善土壤墒情将有助于减少秸秆还田后作物病害。

致谢:衷心感谢南京农业大学韦中教授在研究设计和数据分析过程中给予的宝贵建议!

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Meta-analysis for the impacts of straw return on the diseases of major grain crops in China

Zhang Ligan1, Shi Xinyi1, Wang Yubao1,Yang Xinrun1,2, Yu Fang1, Jiang Tong3, Chang Tingting4, Ma Chao1※

(1.,230036,; 2.,,210095,; 3.,230036,; 4.,,210095)

Straw returning has been one of the most important practices in agricultural management. At the same time, crop diseases, in this case, have been always concerned in China. It is a high demand to clarify the effect of straw returning on the prevalence of diseases of main grain crops. In this study, a meta-analysis was conducted to determine the overall impact of straw returning on the occurrence of the main grain crop diseases. The key factors were also evaluated in response to various environmental factors and agronomic interventions. The data was collected from the published studies before December, 2021. The effective data was selected from the works of literature including: 1) the experiments were conducted in the croplands of China, and 2) the same experiment needed to include the paired treatment and control group. The treatment group was the straw returning to the field, and the control group was no straw returning. The rest experimental conditions of the treatment and control group were strictly consistent, except for whether the straw returned to the field or not. 3) The collected articles contained the incidence rate or disease index data. 4) The crops and returned straw were set as the main food crops rice, wheat, and maize. A total of 369 data sets were obtained to classify, according to the environmental conditions and agricultural management measures. Specifically, the environmental conditions included the climate type, soil pH, and soil organic matter (SOM). Agricultural management measures included the land use type, crop type, straw type, straw returning amount, and initial C/N. The results showed that the straw returning to the field significantly increased the incidence rate and disease index of the main grain crops, indicating an increase of 9.5% and 12.2%, respectively (<0.05). There was a most serious increase in the virus and soil-borne diseases. Different environmental conditions and agricultural management practices presented a significant impact on the occurrence of major grain crop diseases under straw returning. Among them, the diseases of returning farmland decreased significantly in the subtropical monsoon climate, whereas, there was an increase in the temperate monsoon climate. Returning rice straw to the paddy field was beneficial to the reduction of the diseases. The disease increased significantly in the dry land, especially the wheat-corn rotation. The disease in the slightly acidic soil was lower than that in the slightly alkaline soil. In addition, the occurrence of diseases significantly increased under the conditions of soil organic matter (SOM), the straw returning amount, and the initial C/N were greater than 15 g/kg, 7 000 kg/hm2, and 15, respectively. The linear analysis demonstrated that there was a strong negative correlation of the annual precipitation and organic matter content with the occurrence of straw-returning disease, whereas, the initial C/N and soil pH presented a substantial positive correlation. Therefore, straw returning to the paddy fields and acidic soil cultivation greatly contribute to the fewer diseases in China with the high annual average rainfall and warmth. At the same time, a better way is to raise the initial application rate of nitrogen fertilizer.

crops; straw; diseases; main crop; incidence rate; disease index; Meta-analysis

10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2022.21.012

S141.9; S432

A

1002-6819(2022)-21-0093-08

章力干,石心怡,王玉宝,等. 秸秆还田对中国主要粮食作物病害影响的Meta分析[J]. 农业工程学报,2022,38(21):93-100.doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2022.21.012 http://www.tcsae.org

Shi Xinyi, Wang Yubao, Yang Xinrun, et al. Meta-analysis for the impacts of straw return on the diseases of major grain crops in China[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2022, 38(21): 93-100. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2022.21.012 http://www.tcsae.org

2022-03-33

2022-08-10

国家自然科学基金项目(32071628);
安徽省科技重大专项(201903b06020013);
安徽省高校自然科学研究项目(KJ2021ZD0009);
安徽省大学生创新创业项目(S20211036113)

章力干,副教授,研究方向为养分高效利用研究。Email:zhligan@ahau.edu.cn

马超,博士,副教授,研究方向为土壤生态学研究。Email:chaoma@ahau.edu.cn

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