【摘要】英语中的语气分为三种：陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气，所谓陈述语气是指用来陈述事实，有肯定、否定、疑问、感叹等形式。所谓祈使语气是指用来表示请求、命令、劝告等。所谓虚拟语气是指利用动词的特殊形式，表示不切实际的假设，愿望、猜想、比喻、决定、主张、建议和命令等。
【关键词】虚拟语气陈述语气祈使语气
一、非真实条件句中虚拟语气的构成形式：
例：1. If there were no subjunctive mood, English_____much easier.
A. willl be B. would have been
C. Could have been D. would be
分析：该题选D 根据句意可知，是对现在的虚拟对现在虚拟主句用wonld+V原形。
例：2. If he_____, he_____that food, Luckily. He was sent to the hospital immediately.
A. was warned; would not take B. had been warned; would not have taken
C. would be warned, had not taken D. would have been warned; had not taken
分析：该题选B，由句意知是对过去虚拟，对过去虚拟从句用had+
过去分词，主句用would+have+过去分词。
二、在If引导的非真实条件句中，if可省略，但需要用倒装结构.
如if从句中含有were，had或should时，可将它们提到主语之前，并将if省略，而且省略的if从句一般位于主句之前。
例：1._____your letter, I would have started off 2 days ago.
A. If I received B. should I receive
C. If I could have received D. Had I received
分析：根据句意是对过去的虚拟，从句中应用had+过去分词，当要省略if时，需将had提前，故选D。
三、虚拟语气可不用if从句表示条件，而用介词without, but for, 等或连词otherwise, 表示一种含蓄条件。所谓含蓄条件：是指那些不含有条件从句，而实际上含有虚拟条件的句子。
例：1. Without electricity, human life_____quite different today.
A. is B. will be
D. would have been D. would be
分析：由句意可知是对现在的虚拟，用without electricity 表示含蓄条件；without electricity= If there were no electricity对现在虚拟，主句用would+V原形 故选D。
例2. Jack can，t have arrived yet; otherwise, he would_____me.
A. telephone B. telephoned
C. have telephone D. have telephoned
分析：Otherwise=If he had arrived, 由句意知，是对过去的虚拟，用otherwise表示了含蓄条件，主句用would +have+过去分词，故选D。
四、表示错综时间的虚拟语气，所谓错综时间的虚拟语气是指主句的动作和条件从句的动作不发生在同一时间。
例：1. If I_____you, I_____his advice
A. was; would have taken B. were; would have taken
C. were; had teken D. was; have taken
分析：从句是对现在的虚拟，主句是对过去的虚拟，从句用一般过去时，主句用would+have+过去分词，故选B。
五、在asif/as though引导的方式状语从句中，如其含义与事实相反，其动词用虚拟语气，形式与if条件状语从句相同，若与事实相同，则用陈述语气。
例：1. The two strangers talked as if they_____friends for years.
A. should be B. would be
C. have been D. had been
分析：由句意知，是对过去的虚拟as if从句用had+过去分词，故选D。
例：2. The clouds are getting darker and darker, It looks as if it ______
A. should rain B. would rain
C. has rain D. is going to rain
分析：由句意知，与将来事实相符，应用陈述语气故选D。
六、在suggest/ advise/ order/ demand/ require/ request等表示“建议”“命令”“要求”的动词，其后宾语从句用虚拟语气 Should+V原形，should/可省略，但当suggest“暗示”“表明”讲时，其后宾语从句用陈述语气。
例：1. Jane，s pale face suggested that she_____ill, and her parents suggested that she_____a medical examination .
A. be; should have B. was; have
C. should be; had D.was; has
分析：第一个suggest意为“暗示”“表明”，所以应用陈述语气，由suggested判断发生在过去，故用was，而第二suggest意为“建议”应用虚拟语气，其形式为should+V原形should可省略，故选B。
七、当Insist意为“坚决主张，坚决要求”时，其后宾语从句用should+V原形，should可省略，当意为“坚持说”，表示坚持某种观点或看法时，其后宾语从句用陈述语气。
例：1. The guard at the gate insisted that everyone______the rules
A. obeys B. would obey
C. will obey D. obey
分析：由句意知：insist意为“坚决要求”，所以它的宾语从句应用虚拟语气，其形式为should+V原形，should可省略，故选D。
例：2. He insisted that he______right.
A. were B. was
C. is D.Would
分析：由句意知：insist意为“坚持说”，所以它的宾语从句应用陈述语气，由insisted可知发生在过去，且宾语从句主句为he，谓动应用单数，故选B。
八：wish后宾语从句的动词用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反一种愿望，如与过去事实相反，其后宾语从句用had+过去分词；如与现在事实相反，其后从句用一般过去时；若与将来事实相反，其后从句用would/ could/ might+V原形。
例：1. I wish she______with us to share the Joy.
A. is B. will be
C. were D.should be
分析：由句意知，是对现在虚拟，对现在的虚拟，wish后宾语从句应用一般过去时，若遇到be则应用were，故选C。
例：2. I wish I______you yesterday
A. seen B. did see
C. had seen D. were to see
分析：由句意知，该句是对过去的虚拟，wish后宾语从句应用had+过去分词，故选C。
九、would rather 后从句用虚拟语气，与过去事实相反，其后从句用had+过去分词；与现在或者将来事实相反，其后从句用一般过去时。
例：1. I would rather you_______here tomorrow
A. come B. are coming
C. will come C. came
分析：由句意可知与将来事实相反，与将来事实相反，would rather后从句用一般过去时，故选D。
例：2. I would rather youhere last year.
A. had come B. came
C. come D. should come
分析：由句意可知与过去相反，与过去事实相反，would rather后从句用had+过去分词，故选A。
十、It is/ was +某些形容词+that从句中用虚拟语气，其形式为should+V原形，should可省略，常用的形容词有important/ desirable/ strange/ necessary/ natural/ impossible/ essential等。
例：1. It is strange that she______so.
A. think B. thinks
C. will think D. thought
分析：该句考查It is +某些形容词+that从句，that从句用should+V原形，should可省略，故选A。
十一、It is/ was+suggested/ advised/ ordered/ required/ requested等表示“建议”“要求”“命令”的动词的过去分词+that从句，that从句用虚拟语气，其形式为should+V原形，should可省略。
例：1.It was suggested that Jane______a medical examination.
A. had B. has
C. have D. haring
分析：本句考查It was srggested+that从句，that从句用should+V原形，should可省略，故选C。
十二、在表示“要求”“建议”“命令”的名词 作主语时，其后的表语从句或同位语从句用虚拟语气，其形式为should+V原形，should可省略，常用的名词有：suggestion/ advice/ demand/ request/ requirement/ order等。
例：1. The suggestion that Jane______a medical examination was put forward by her parents.
A. has B. have
C. had D. having
分析：suggestion表示建议，其后的同位语从句用虚拟语气，其形式为should+V原形，should可省略故选B。
例：2. The workers，s requirement was that their working conditions.
A. were improved B. improved
C. be improved D. improving
分析：requirement表示要求，其后表语从句用虚拟语气，其形式为should+V原形，should可省略，故选C。
十三、It is/ was(high)time+that从句，that从句用虚拟语气,其形式为一般过去时，It is the first time+that 从句，that从句用陈述语气，其形式为has/ have-过去分词。It was the first time+that从句，that从句用陈述语气，其形式为had+过去分词。
例：1. It is time that we______to school。
A. go B. going
C. gone D.went
分析：It is time+that 从句，that 从句用虚拟语气，其形式为一般过去时，故选D。
例：2. It is the first time that. I______you
A. meet B. met
C. have met D. meeting
分析：It is the first time +that 从句，that从句用陈述语气，其形式为have/ has+过去分词，故选C。
例：3. He said that it was the first time that he_______me
A. meet B. have met
C. had met D. met
分析：It was the first time + that从句，that从句用陈述语气，其形式为had+过去分词，故选C。
虚拟语气小练
1. (’10湖南卷) If he_______my advice, he wouldn’t have lost his job
A. followed B.should follow
C. had followed D. would follow
2.（’09天津卷）This printer is of good quality, If it_______break down with the first year, we would repair it at our expense.
A. would B. should
C. could D. might
3. (’10江苏卷)George is going to talk about the geography of his country, but I’d rather he more on its cultuce.
A. focus B. focused
C. would focus D. had focused
4. (’10陕西卷)If we______the other road, we might have arrived here in time for the meeting
A. take B.had taken
C.took D.have taken
5. (’09福建卷)But for the help of my English teacher, I_______the first prize in the English writing competition.
A. would not win B. would not have won
C. would win D. would have won
6. (’10福建卷)Teachers recommend parents_______their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety.
A. not allow B. do not allow
C. mustn’t allow D. couldn’t allow
7. (’10浙江卷)Had I known about this computer programme, a huge amount of time and energy
A. would have been saved B. had been saved_______
C. will be saved D. was saved
8. (’09江苏卷)He didn’t regret saying what he did but felt that he_______it differently.
A. could express B. would express
C. could have expressed D. mus have expressed
9. (’10天津卷)――John went to the hospital alone
――If he_______me about it, I would have gone with him
A. should tell B. tells
C.told D. had told
10. (’08山东卷)Thank you for all your hard work last week. I don’t think we_______it without you
A. can manage B. could have managed
C. could manage D. can have managed
参考答案：
1-5：DBBBB 6-10：AACDB