浮动抵押在造船抵押融资中的适用
摘 要：针对我国担保物权体系的不足导致在建船舶抵押制度不完善以致造船抵押融资发展缓慢的状况, 顺应《物权法》引入浮动抵押概念之时机，结合英美法中已建立的浮动抵押理论，探讨该理论及其相关制度的引入对完善我国在建船舶抵押制度的利弊.对于浮动抵押可能产生的在建船舶抵押主体和效力问题，应当采用以法律规定为基本、以银行制度为具体准则的方法予以解决.
关键词：造船； 浮动抵押； 在建船舶； 在建船舶抵押
中图分类号：F832.4； D922.28文献标志码：A
Application of floating charge in financing for
shipbuilding by mortgage
CHEN Lunlun
（School of Law, Shanghai Maritime Univ., Shanghai 200135, China）
Abstract： In view of the problem that financing for shipbuilding by mortgage applies very restrictedly because of the insufficiency of traditional security system, which leads to the laggard development of mortgage on ship under construction, the advantages as well as the disadvantages of the application of floating charge in mortgage on ship under construction of China are analyzed in detail taking the chance of the introduction of floating charge by China’s Real Rights Law and based on the general introduction of the theory of floating charge in common law. The possible problems such as the subject and effect of mortgage on ship under construction, which come from the application of floating charge in practice, should be mainly resolved by the system of the bank on the basis of the regulation of law.
Key words： shipbuilding; floating charge; ship under construction; mortgage on ship under construction
0 引 言
虽然对在建船舶进行抵押贷款已成为国外市场造船融资的主要方式，但在我国仍处于新兴状态.我国最大的船舶融资商业银行——中国工商银行近年才开始积极开拓这项业务.究其原因，主要是作为造船抵押融资核心内容的在建船舶抵押制度缺乏规范化和可操作性，使得银行对造船投资持观望和试探态度.2007年10月1日起施行的《中华人民共和国物权法》（以下简称《物权法》）第181条规定：“经当事人书面协议，企业、个体工商户、农业生产经营者可以将现有的以及将有的生产设备、原材料、半成品、产品抵押，债务人不履行到期债务或者发生当事人约定的实现抵押权的情形，债权人有权就实现抵押权时的动产优先受偿.”这是不同于我国已有抵押制度的新的动产抵押模式.法学界普遍认为，该条规定即为起源于英国法的浮动抵押制度.浮动抵押突破传统的抵押担保理念，若将其理论及相关操作制度运用于我国在建船舶抵押制度中，既能消除作为抵押财产的在建船舶范围的不确定性以及抵押人权利限制的缺陷，又能积极保障银行抵押权的实现，将大大促进造船抵押融资的发展.本文拟就浮动抵押的概念及特征进行分析，在理论上探讨其与我国在建船舶抵押制度结合的必要性和可行性，并就其中可能产生的问题提出相应的解决方案.
① Illingworth v. Houldsworth，［1904］ A.C. 355, House of Lords, Lord MACNAGHTEN: “a floating charge, is ambulatory and shifting in its nature, hovering over and so to speak floating with the property which it is intended to affect until some event occurs or some act is done which causes it to settle and fasten on the subject of the charge within its reach and grasp.”
② Evans v. Rival Granite Quarries, Ltd., ［1910］ 2 K.B. 979, the Court of Appeal, L.J. BUCKLEY: A floating security is not a future security; it is a present security, which presently affects all the assets of the company expressed to be included in it. On the other hand, it is not a specific security; the holder cannot affirm that the assets are specifically mortgaged to him. The assets are mortgaged in such a way that the mortgagor can deal with them without the concurrence of the mortgagee. A floating security is not a specific mortgage of the assets, plus a licence to the mortgagor to dispose of them in the course of his business, but is a floating mortgage applying to every item comprised in the security, `but not specifically affecting any item until some event occurs or some act on the part of the mortgagee is done which causes it to crystallize into a fixed security.